Citation examples

How to cite any source in any style

Worked reference-list examples for the 20 most common source types across the 20 most widely used styles. Pick a combination — we show you the format, a realistic example, and the mistakes people make.

By style

APA 7 APA 6 MLA 9 Chicago (author-date)Chicago (notes & bibliography)Harvard IEEE Vancouver AMA ACS Nature Cell Science BMJ NEJM ASA AAA Turabian OSCOLA Bluebook ABNT

How to cite a specific item

Tricky cases — AI chatbots, social media, preprints, datasets, and more. Grouped so you can scan the category that matches the source in your hand.

AI & chatbots

How to cite ChatGPT How to cite Claude (Anthropic)How to cite Gemini (Google)How to cite AI-generated content in general

Social media & web

How to cite a YouTube video How to cite a Reddit post How to cite a TikTok video How to cite a Wikipedia article How to cite a Substack newsletter

Preprints & retracted work

How to cite an ArXiv preprint How to cite a bioRxiv preprint How to cite a retracted paper

Podcasts, video & press

How to cite a podcast episode How to cite a press release

Code, datasets & software

How to cite a GitHub repository How to cite a Kaggle dataset How to cite a research dataset

Government & institutional

How to cite a government document

Personal & academic sources

How to cite a personal communication (email, interview)How to cite a lecture or course material